(a) software and hardware supply comparison
1 infrastructure. Canada shipping, railway, highway, aviation and transport, multimodal transport. China's main highway and railway, highway refrigerated vehicles, accounted for only freight cars total 0.4%; accounted for 2% of the railway refrigerated car, old mechanical refrigerated wagon. Now transport equipment, only to meet market demand 25%. At present there are 2 cold storage, distribution is not balanced, the majority of life is long, equipment aging. Among them, the new assembled three-dimensional cold storage, less than 20%. It is difficult to adapt to the development of the cold chain logistics, which is relatively small in the automatic temperature control range.
2 informatization construction. Canada agricultural cold chain logistics, the use of advanced information management, intelligent and efficient, full control, to achieve seamless. The construction of China's information platform, is still exploring the start. The vast majority of agricultural products wholesale market, it is difficult to deal with and transfer information. Cold chain logistics information technology, such as RFID intelligent monitoring, bar code, car GPS, GIS, etc., the application level is low, is still far from universal.
3 logistics technology. Canada generally make use of automatic temperature control and detection equipment, networking and satellite positioning technology, in logistics and transport, real-time to cold temperature changes, vehicle operation, the fuel consumption and the times of opening and comprehensive and dynamic monitoring. China is not only such a backward technology, but also in the pre cooling of agricultural products, low temperature environment classification, health management and packaging and other commercial processing technology, but also to be further developed.
4 professional talents. Compared with traditional logistics, cold chain logistics with intersecting frontier and composite. Such as refrigeration technology, supply chain management, information technology, marketing, quality control security and e-commerce, etc.. Improve the training system of education in Canada, a galaxy of talents of logistics. Colleges and universities in China have not set up related disciplines, most practitioners from traditional logistics to the master apprentice. Bachelor degree or above 34%, master's degree is only 15%.
(two) the degree of Marketization
1 cold chain logistics system. Canada from agricultural production to sales, production, supply and marketing integration, government, industry associations and leading enterprises linkage, intermediate links less, logistics security system efficient operation (Figure 1). Our country is the lack of upstream and downstream of the overall planning and coordination, in the whole process, circuitous transportation, repeated sorting, frozen - natural thawing and freezing, chain breaks occur from time to time; many intermediate links, long time, increase agricultural losses, enhance logistics cost.
Third 2 Party logistics. Cold chain logistics market, the essence of the degree of involvement of third party enterprises. A high degree of marketization in Canada, mostly for international multimodal transport operator, from the perspective of globalization to the management and allocation of resources, for customers to provide integration solutions. China's cold chain logistics is still in its initial stage, with a strong regional market size. The Sixth China logistics supply survey, most of the manufacturers and distributors to complete the third party cold chain logistics is only 5%. In addition to Sinotrans, COFCO and other small and medium-sized enterprises, such as Shuanghui, are difficult to reach the international standard cold chain. Small scale, lack of organization and coordination, only to provide refrigeration transport services, can not guarantee the entire supply chain low temperature control.
3 farmer professional cooperatives. Agricultural cooperatives in Canada, a large share of the market for agricultural products. The organization scale production, and the supermarket and so on demand enterprise docking, plays the key role in the agricultural product cold chain logistics. Low degree of marketization in China in although guide to carry out agricultural super docking pilot, but due to the lack of scientific management and financial support, farmers' professional cooperatives, the operating norms of unfinished. In addition, agricultural production standards are not unified, competitive is not strong, it is difficult to achieve a successful agricultural super docking.
(three) comparison of regulatory and policy environment
1 laws and regulations. The development of the cold chain logistics of agricultural products in Canada depends on the perfect laws and regulations, inspection and supervision. China's cold chain logistics laws and regulations, such as the "food safety law" and "agricultural product quality and safety law" and so on, the principle and general. Policies are mostly opinions and planning, operability is not strong. Some copy the foreign developed countries, some of the provisions of the national conditions. Or lack of appropriate technical and organizational institutions, it is difficult to implement.
2 logistics standards. The Canadian agricultural products cold chain logistics, formulate a series of normative standards, and the implementation of strict professional certification and market access system. China's cold chain logistics standards developed late, did not form a unified standard system. Existing standard coverage is small, mostly in storage and transportation, the lack of upstream and downstream convergence management and sales links. The national, local and industry standards are repeated, or to guide the recommended standards, not mandatory. Some of the larger food processing leading enterprises, such as frozen, meat processing, ice cream and dairy products and foreign trade enterprises, only to follow their own standards. HACCP has not been popularized, and the development of standardized construction is slow.
3 government support and supervision. Canadian experience shows that government guidance and capital investment is very important. China's agricultural cold chain logistics system construction, on the one hand, the lack of unified planning and guidance, the link is not tight. On the one hand the government to support the shortage, such as cold storage investment, RFID and GIS and other information construction, etc., to increase the cost of logistics companies, etc., to be supported by the state. Government regulation of the industry, but also a long-term problem.
In developed countries, there is no pre cooling treatment of fruits and vegetables, is not welcome, this concept has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. But most of our consumers, open environment on the market, the circulation of fresh agricultural products at room temperature, but It is quite common for. From the field to the table whether to maintain a low temperature state, do not care. People cold chain awareness, but also an important constraint.